JLab Reports in Journal Nature that Mirror Symmetry Is Not All It's 'Quarked' Up to Be

Charles Hyde Mustafa Canan Serkan Golge

Researchers at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News announce in the Feb. 6 issue of the journal Nature that they have identified a new twist in the characteristics of quarks, which are the basic building blocks of matter.

Old Dominion's Charles Hyde, a professor of physics, and two of his former doctoral students, Mustafa Canan and Serkan Golge, participated in the experiment reported in Nature. This research probed an instance of asymmetry in the behavior of quarks.

From matching wings on butterflies to the repeating six-point pattern of snowflakes, symmetries echo throughout nature, even down to the smallest building blocks of matter. Since the discovery of quarks, physicists have been exploiting those symmetries to study quarks' intrinsic properties and to uncover what those properties can reveal about the physical laws that govern them.

The recent experiment carried out at Jefferson Lab to study a rare instance of symmetry breaking in electron-quark scattering has provided a new determination of an intrinsic property of quarks that is five times more precise than the previous measurement.

The result has also set new limits, in a way complementary to high-energy colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Europe, for the energies that researchers would need to access physics beyond the Standard Model. The Standard Model is a well-tested theory that, excluding gravity, describes the subatomic particles and their interactions, and physicists believe that peering beyond the Standard Model may help resolve many unanswered questions about the origins and underlying framework of our universe.

The experiment reported in Nature probed properties of the mirror symmetry of quarks. In mirror symmetry, the characteristics of an object remain the same even if that object is flipped as though it were reflected in a mirror.

The mirror symmetry of quarks can be probed by gauging their interactions with other particles through fundamental forces. Three of the four forces that mediate the interactions of quarks with other particles - gravity, electromagnetism and the strong force - are mirror-symmetric. However, the weak force - the fourth force - is not. That means that the intrinsic characteristics of quarks that determine how they interact through the weak force (called the weak couplings) are different from, for example, the electric charge for the electromagnetic force, the color charge for the strong force and the mass for gravity.

In Jefferson Lab's Experimental Hall A, experimenters measured the breaking of the mirror symmetry of quarks through the process of deep-inelastic scattering. A 6.067-billion-electric-volt (GeV) beam of electrons was sent into deuterium nuclei, the nuclei of an isotope of hydrogen that contain one neutron and one proton each (and thus an equal number of up and down quarks).

"When it's deep-inelastic scattering, the momentum carried by the electron goes inside the nucleon and breaks it apart," said Xiaochao Zheng, an associate professor of physics at the University of Virginia and spokesperson for the team that conducted the experiment.

To produce the effect of viewing the quarks through a mirror, half of the electrons sent into the deuterium were set to spin along the direction of their travel (like a right-handed screw), and the other half were set to spin in the opposite direction. About 170,000 million electrons that interacted with quarks in the nuclei through both the electromagnetic and the weak forces over a two-month period of running were identified in two High Resolution Spectrometers.

"This is called an inclusive measurement, but that just means that you only measure the scattered electrons. So, we used both spectrometers, but each detecting electrons independently from the other. The challenging part is to identify the electrons as fast as they come," Zheng said.

The experimenters found an asymmetry, or difference, in the number of electrons that interacted with the target when they were spinning in one direction versus the other. This asymmetry is due to the weak force between the electron and quarks in the target. The weak force experienced by quarks has two components. One is analogous to electric charge and has been measured well in previous experiments. The other component, related to the spin of the quark, has been clearly isolated for the first time in the Jefferson Lab experiment.

Specifically, the result led to a determination of the effective electron-quark weak coupling combination that is five times more precise than previously determined. This particular coupling describes how much of the mirror-symmetry breaking in the electron-quark interaction originates from quarks' spin preference in the weak interaction. The new result is the first to show that this combination is non-zero, as predicted by the Standard Model.

The last experiment to access this coupling combination was E122 at DOE's Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (now SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory). Data from that experiment were used to establish the newly theorized Standard Model more than 30 years ago.

The agreement between the new result and the Standard Model also indicates that experimenters must reach higher energy limits in order to potentially find new interactions beyond the Standard Model with respect to the violation of mirror symmetry, due to the spin of the quarks. The new limits, 5.8-trillion-electron volts (TeV) and 4.6 TeV, are within reach of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, but the spin feature provided by this experiment cannot be identified cleanly in collider experiments.

In the meantime, the researchers plan to extend this experiment in the next era of research at Jefferson Lab. In a bid to further refine the knowledge of quarks' mirror-symmetry breaking, experimenters will use Jefferson Lab's upgraded accelerator to nearly double the energy of the electron beam, reducing their experimental errors and improving the precision of the measurement by five to 10 times the current value. The experiment will be scheduled following completion of the upgrade in 2017.

The experiment was funded by the DOE Office of Science, the National Science Foundation and the Jeffress Memorial Trust, as well as with support from individual researchers' home institutions. Nearly 100 researchers from more than 30 institutions collaborated on the experiment, including two DOE National Labs, Jefferson Lab and Argonne National Laboratory.

Hyde is known internationally for his probes of the atomic nuclei via a process called deeply virtual compton scattering. He has a longstanding research relationship with French physicists with whom he has worked in France and at Jefferson Lab.

Canan and Golge are recent Ph.D. graduates in physics at ODU. Canan currently is an adjunct faculty member in physics at ODU. Golge is a researcher associated with the Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston.