Nationalism
"state" - "independent unit in a system of equal legal status and rights"
(regardless of size or power)

multi-ethnic empire
territorial nation-state

• Italy
• Germany
• Austria, Eastern Europe, Middle East

From multi-ethnic empire to territorial state

Peace of Westfalia (1648)

• centralization
• assimilation

America (United States, Canada)
Russia

Revolution - nation as a new creation

• Lenin - Russian Rev'n, 1917 - U.S.S.R.
• Mussolini - Fascist rev'n, 1920s
• Hitler - Third Reich, 1933
• Stalin - Soviet Union as industrial state, 1930s
• Mao - Cultural Revolution, 1968

creation of national identity (anti-pluralism)
to will unity out of diversity (e pluribus, unum)

Totalitarianism - to shape society

• education
• propaganda/advertising
• economy - planned, centralized, rationalized (Stalin, 5 Year Plans)

Relationship of individual to state

• Catholicism: no salvation apart from the Church
• Marx: individuals determined by class
• emphasizes collective over individual
• objectivity vs. subjectivity

Thought control

• Negative
  • Index of Forbidden Books
  • censorship vs. Aude sapere! (Kant)
• Positive
  • indoctrination
  • art/architecture
  • news

Myth of the Nation-State

• Assumptions
  • cultural identities (nations) correspond with sovereign entities (states)
  • system of independent, internally unified, equal units
• Problems
  • to will unity out of diversity (e pluribus, unum)

• cultural identities span state boundaries
  • Albanians (Albania + Serbia/Yugoslavia)
  • Hutus and Tutsis (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda)
  • Pashtuns (Afghanistan, Pakistan)
  • Switzerland

Hegemonic discourse
How can non-westerners make themselves understood to the West?

• Gandhi
  • Oxford educated (law)
  • Henry David Thoreau's non-violent resistance
  • appealed to West in West's own terms

Modern = Western

• Alternatives
  • acting out / rebellion?
  • "terrorism"