Assimilation and Identity

Bohemia - Moravia - Silesia: borderlands
race - politics - religion
John Hus (d. 1415)

Protestant identity
denied sacraments, saints, confession (priesthood of all believers)

Thirty Years' War
1618 - Defenestration of Prague
1648 - Peace of Westphalia

Habsburg - Holy Roman Empire
HRE Matthias (d. 1618)

Protestant landmarks
1517 - 95 Theses, traditional date of Reformation
1555 - Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio [not toleration])
1594 - Edict of Nantes
1609 - Calvinist Netherlands independent from Catholic Spain

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden

Olmütz, Moravia (1650)

Population

Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Münster (Catholics, incl. Habsburgs and France)
Osnabrück (Protestants, incl. Sweden)

• Territorial sovereignty
• Land restored to whoever held it in 1624
• Jus reformandi (right to religious reform)
• Right to emigrate

underpopulation

New territory
Sweden - Bremen-Verden + Finland, Lapland, Pomerania
France - Rhineland
HRE - Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia
England - United Kingdom of England, Scotland and Ireland (1707)

Methods

• suppress rival religious institutions
• mandatory church attendance
• infrastructure - buildings
• schools

St. John Nepomuk, canonized 1729
Jacobite revolts (Scotland < James II)

France
1598 - Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
dragonnades
1685 - Edict of Fonatinbleau (revokes Nantes)

Huguenots

• heretics
• enthusiasts (fanatics)
• republicans

one king, one law, one faith

England
English civil war (1642-1660)
Charles I of England (d. 1649)
absolutism
Parliament
Glorious Revolution (1688)
William of Orange & Mary Stuart

Bill of Rights (1689)

• no standing army without consent of Parliament
• no new taxes without consent of Parliament
• Parliament must be convened every three years
• king must guarantee free elections to Parliamentary seats
• king must abide by Parliamentary decisions
• king may not suspend duly passed laws