Crisis of Fourteenth Century

• Little Ice Age
  • famine, 1315-17
  • city walls, ca. 1340
• Plague (1347-50)
  • bubonic
  • pneumonic
  • septicemic
• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
  • Pope Benedict VIII - unam sanctam (1302)
  • Avignon papacy (1305-1378)
  • Great Schism (1378 - 1415)
    • Clement VII
    • Urban VI
    • Martin V
  • Council of Constance (1415)
    • ecumenical
    • conciliarism (vs. infallability)
    • John Hus (1369-1415)
      • invisible Church
• 100 Years' War

Conflict of Empire & Papacy (review)

1. A.D. 450s - Leo I negotiates with Attila the Hun
2. A.D. 700s - Lombards invade Italy - Pepin the Short
   • "who is more worthy to be called King: he who rules in name or he who rules in fact?"
3. Xmas Day, 800 - Charlemagne: Pope makes HRE
4. 1075-1122 - Investiture Controversy - by 1200, Papacy wins

Renaissance
rebirth of ancient literature, culture

• Italy: 1350-1560
• Northern Europe: 1450-1650

Seven Liberal Arts

Scholasticism

• disputation
• harmony in opposing authorities

commentaries
Peter Lombard, Sentences
Peter Abelard, Sic et non

Humanism

• humaniora - grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy
• studia humanitatis
• eloquence: ars dicendi et scribendi bene

Italian communes
bureaucracy: chancellor, notary
dictatores, ars dictaminis

Francesco Petrarcha (1304-77)
Avignon
Cicero, Letters to Atticus (1c B.C.)

ad fontes! - back to the sources

• perspective in art
• recovery of ancient texts
• republicanism in urban communes
• Fall of Byzantium (1453) - Greek
• Printing Press (ca. 1460) - J. Gutenberg/Mainz