Twelfth-century Europe
university

• Paris
• Oxford
• Bologna

Scholasticism
disputation

• Philosophy
• Theology
• Medicine
• Law
  • Gratian, Decretum (ca. 1140), or Concordia discordantium canonicum

Canon Law
Roman Law
English Common Law - Magna Carta (1215)
bureaucracy

Trade / Economy

• long-distance trade
• lively economy

Spirituality

• Gothic style
• mendicant orders
  • Franciscans
  • Dominican

Crisis of Fourteenth Century

• Little Ice Age
  • famine, 1315-17
  • city walls, ca. 1340
• Plague (1347-50)
  • bubonic
  • pneumonic
  • septicemic
• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
  • Pope Benedict VIII - unam sanctam (1302)
  • Avignon papacy (1305-1378)
  • Great Schism (1378 - 1415)
  • Council of Constance (1415)
    • ecumenical
    • conciliarism (vs. infallability)
    • John Hus (1369-1415)
• 100 Years' War

Average age of marriage in Florence, Italy