Growth of national monarchy

I. Migrations

• 370 - 500
  • Gaul - Franks, Burgundians
  • Spain - Vandals, Visigoths
  • Italy - Ostrogoths, Lombards (post-520s)
  • Britannia - Angles, Saxons, Jutes
  • beyond Rhine - numerous, incl. Alemanni
• 800 - 1000
  • Vikings
  • Magyars
  • Muslims

II. Two Frankish dynasties

• Merovingians
  • Clovis (r. 484 - 511)
• Carolingians
  • mayors of the palace
  • Pippin "the Short" (r. 751-68)
  • Charlemagne (r. 768 - 814)

post - A.D. 1000
nobles independent
king impoverished

Papal Monarchy

Pope Gregory VII (1073 - 1085)
dictus papae

• the pope himself may be judged by no one
• the pope may be permitted even to depose emperors
• no bishop or abbot should receive investiture from a lay ruler

Emperor Henry IV
Concordat of Worms, 1122

• Emperor invests bishop with staff (temporal authority)
• Pope invests bishop with ring (spiritual authority)

Diplomacy

• courts
• letters
• legates

Innocent III (1198 - 1216)

Growth of National Monarchy

• "feudalism"
  • homage
  • service
    
• England
  • Knud, d.1042
  • Edward "the Confessor," d.1066
  • Harold Godwinson
  • William, duke of Normandy, "the Conqueror"
    • 1066, Battle of Hastings

France, ca. 1100
Louis VI "the Fat," d.1137
Normandy (former Vikings)

Alix (Champagne) = Louis VII (France) = Eleanore (Aquitaine) = Henry II (England)
                 ______|____                  ___|___                     ____|____
                |                     |                 |            |                    |                 |
             Philip II        Agnes         Marie     Alix            Richard I       John

Crusades
armed pilgrimage

1. 1095 - 1101 (Jerusalem)
2. 1140s (Levant)
3. 1190s (Jerusalem)
4. 1204 (Byzantium)
5. ca. 1220 (Damietta, Egypt)

Byzantium
Turks

John I (and only), king of England
1215, Magna Carta

• parliament (tax)
• due process (jury)
• limited monarchy