Chem 321-Lecture Note:

I. Introduction

1. Course outline (click)

2. PowerPoint Presentation slides (click)

II. Chapter I

1. Roles of Analytical Chemistry

1) “Analytical Chemistry is what analytical chemists do.” --- C. N. Reilley

a) Qualitative Analysis: determination of chemical identity of the species in the sample.

b) Quantitative Analysis: determination of the amount of species or analytes, in numerical terms. Hence, Math is heavily involved.

In order to perform quantitative analysis, typically one needs to complete qualitative analysis. One needs to know what it is and then select the means to determine the amount.

2) Roles of Analytical Chemistry in Sciences and our everyday life:

All sciences, just to name of a few: chemistry, biology, biotechnology, forensic science, food science, material science, medicine, environmental science, etc.

Examples of achievement of Analytical chemistry:

Breakthrough of the century: Sequence of Human Genome, Analytical chemists-capillary electrophoresis.

2. Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis

1) Gravimetric Method: mass is measured.

2) Volumetric Method: volume is measured or used to determine amount of sample via concentration.

3) Instrumental Method: use an instrumental technique to assay the amount of sample:

Such as: Electroanalytical based upon electron-transfer

Spectroscopy including mass spectrometry (***hot) (proteomic)

3. Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis

1) Select a method: accuracy, resource and cost (e.g., blood samples, pharmaceutical products.

2) Sampling: obtaining “a representative sample”, especially important for mass products.

3) Sample preparation and handling

a) Dissolution or digestion of samples

b) Preparation of solid samples

4) Define replicate sample: accuracy, resource and cost

5) Eliminating interferences: blank control

6) Calibration and measurement

7) Calculation and data reduction

8) Evaluating results and estimating their reliability