Xiao – invited talk at URSI in Chicago.

As director of the Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, I would like to welcome you to our website. The Center for Bioelectrics was established in 2002 as the first research center in bioelectrics in the world, in order to increase scientific knowledge and understanding of how intense, pulsed electromagnetic fields and cold ionized gases interact with biological cells and to apply this knowledge to the development of medical diagnostics and therapeutics and environmental decontamination. It is one of only two interdisciplinary centers at Old Dominion University which report directly to the Vice president for Research at Old Dominion University. It strives to engage in scholarly research at the forefront of bioengineering.

More than 20 researchers with expertise in engineering, physics, and biology work in state-of-art-laboratories in the 14,000 sqft center. Research topics range from fundamental studies of electric field and plasma effects on biological cells to commercial applications. The wide range of applied research topics, from water decontamination to tumor treatment, is evident in the more than 100 publications which have been published by researchers in the Center over the past five years. On a national level, the Center is the focal point of a Multidisciplinary University Initiative on the effect of intracellular wideband and narrowband radiofrequency radiation with members at Eastern Virginia Medical School, MIT, Washington U., U. Texas, U. Wisconsin. Internationally, the Center coordinates an International Consortium on Bioelectrics including groups in United States, Japan and Germany. I invite you to learn more about us, and please feel free to contact the bioelectrics faculty if you have questions about our research programs.

Dr. Karl H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Welcomes Groundbreaking Research Couple

Richard and Loree Heller, husband and wife pioneers in electrogenetherapy, are joining the Old Dominion University faculty as researchers at the Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics. Their expertise promises to advance the center's already groundbreaking research in cancer therapies that utilize ultrafast pulses of electricity.
The Hellers are moving from faculty positions at the University of South Florida College of Medicine. In addition to the Bioelectrics Center appointment, Richard Heller will assume a position as professor in the ODU College of Health Science's School of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences.
"We are very fortunate to have Richard and Loree Heller joining us," said Karl Schoenbach, the Bioelectrics Center director, ODU eminent scholar and Batten Endowed Chair in Bioelectric Engineering. "They are known worldwide for their pioneering research in electrogenetherapy. Their research will allow us to greatly expand our efforts to develop new electrotherapies for cancer treatment."
Mohammad Karim, the ODU vice president for research, added, "I am very excited. This is a major coup for ODU and the Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics."
The Hellers are known in the field of bioelectrics for their success with the delivery of molecules into live, target cells by means of electroporation. Pulses of electricity, in effect, open the membrane of live cells-tumor cells, for example-temporarily, allowing the delivery of molecules to the cells. The deliveries could be of genetic material or drugs, both of which can serve as pinpoint applications of therapies against cancer or other maladies. This procedure allows tumors to be targeted for treatment without the broad damage to healthy tissue caused by most chemotherapies today.
In gene therapy via electroporation, the deliveries might be of anti-tumor agents such as the so-called "suicide" genes, or of genes encoding toxins. Still other deliveries might be of immune modulators that reduce the immunity of cancer cells to the body's own defenses. The Hellers have reported significant tumor regression from their gene therapies.
Richard Heller currently is supported by $5 million in research funding, mostly from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Previous support from the NIH, National Cancer Institute and many other public and private sources totaled another $5 million. In 2004 he received the Iwao Yasuda Award from the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, and the Fellow Award of the Society for In Vitro Biology. The next year he won the latter society's Distinguished Service Award.
Most recently he has been professor of molecular medicine and chemical engineering and co-director of the Center for Molecular Delivery at USF. He received his Ph.D. in medical sciences with specialization in medical microbiology and immunology from the USF School of Medicine in 1989.
Loree Heller is currently supported by a $400,000 NIH grant, and has completed another $500,000 in supported research. She leaves positions as an assistant professor of molecular medicine at USF and a clinical scientist for Tampa General Hospital. Loree is scheduled to arrive in Norfolk in July, Richard in September.
Research by the couple complements the advances made by Schoenbach and other ODU researchers. Two years ago, a team at the Bioelectrics Center reported research showing that millionth of a second pulses of electricity alone will destroy tumor cells and bring complete remission of melanomas on the skin of mice. The researchers also have reported the development of strategies using antennas to zap tumors inside the body.
The formal mission of the Bioelectrics Center is to increase scientific knowledge and understanding of how electromagnetic fields interact with biological cells, and to apply this knowledge to the development of medical diagnostics and therapeutics, as well as environmental decontamination. The mission has been supported by numerous grants, including substantial support from federal agencies. The largest such award was $5 million from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research to establish a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) in bioelectrics.
The Bioelectrics Center and Schoenbach, via ODU, led the research initiative that brought together bioelectrics and related researchers from the Harvard/MIT Health Science Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Washington University, the University of Wisconsin and Eastern Virginia Medical School.
In addition, the center has leveraged the increasing interest in bioelectrics outside the United States. An international research consortium for bioelectrics formed in 2005 had ODU, Kumamato University in Japan and Universitaet Karlsruhe in Germany as founding members. In 2006, the University of Missouri and the Institute for Low Temperature Plasma Physics in Greifswald, Germany, joined the consortium.
This article was posted on: April 29, 2008.

Transmembrane voltage changes during nanosecond pulsed electric field exposure. As immediate response to the exposure to an electric field, membranes are charged like a capacitor. We believe that this initial mechanism forces cells to a physiological response that will allow us to modify cell functions depending on the parameters of the applied electric field. We therefore consider the understanding of the membrane charging processes crucial in the explanation of these "downstream" or secondary biological effects. As a result we are currently the only group in the world able to measure transmembrane voltage changes with a resolution of 5 ns. We used the system to study the change in the membrane potential of Jurkat cells in response to nanosecond pulsed electric fields for pulses with a duration of 60 ns and maximum field strengths of about 100 kV/cm (100 V/cell diameter). Membranes of Jurkat cells were stained with a fast voltage-sensitive dye, Annine-6, which has a subnanosecond voltage response time.

A temporal resolution of 5 ns was achieved by the excitation of this dye with a tuneable laser pulse. The laser pulse was synchronized with the applied electric field to record images at times before, during and after exposure. When exposing the Jurkat cells to a pulse, the voltage across the membrane at the anodic pole of the cell reached values of 1.6 V after 15 nanoseconds, almost twice the voltage level generally required for electroporation. Voltages across the membrane on the side facing the cathode reached values of only 0.6 V in the same time period, indicating a strong asymmetry in conduction mechanisms in the membranes of the two opposite cell hemispheres. This small voltage drop of 0.6-1.6 V across the plasma membrane demonstrates that nearly the entire imposed electric field of 10 V/µm penetrates into the interior of the cell and every organelle.
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